The general properties of translation make up the theory of translation. The process of translation, including its outcomes, is the subject matter of the general theory of translation (GTT). The GTT highlights the characteristics shared by all translations, including literary translations, technical and scientific translations, and translations of government documents. Due to the dependence between each special branch, special branches are primarily interested in the specifics of each genre. The basic thrust of linguistic theory of translation throughout history has been unimaginable and sincere.
Russian academics K. I. Retsver and A. V. Flodov, who were pioneers in linguistic studies of translation issues, created linguistic theories of translation.
They recommended the regular correspondence theory. They pointed out that the translation is impossible without solid linguistic foundations.
When analysing linguistic phenomena, they focused on two key topics: original language and transforming language. The typology of relationships between language units and their equivalents was given additional consideration by the writers of this theory. Permanent correspondence was described as being context-insensitive.
Consider the League of Nations.
Act of translation in two stages:
- Communication between the translation and receiver as well as with the sender;
- The translation serves as a target language and directs communication to the big receptor as the target.
The translation of phraseological units is a challenging task since it depends on a number of variables, including the presence of deceptively identical units and the diverse word combinations that result from homonymy, synonymy, and polysemy in phraseological units. Additionally, many phraseological units incorporate stylistic expressive components that typically have a distinct national trait. It is only necessary to familiarise yourself with the general theory of phraseology's guiding principles. Phrasemes and idioms are two examples of phraseological units that can be seen. A phraseme is a unit of continuous context made up of dependent and constant markers.
A unit of consistent context known as an idiom is one in which the dependent and indicating parts are the same and equal to the entire lexical structure of the phrase. It is characterised by an integral meaning of the whole and by awakened meanings of the components. A specific micro-system can be given depending on the type of phraseological units. When translating, phraseological units must be functionally appropriate linguistic units. These rules make similarities and differences apparent. Systems may have certain components that match in form and circumstance, or they may not.
The following are the basic categories of phraseological conformities:
- Complete compliance;
- Partially conforming elements;
- The lack of conformities.
It is uncommon to find phraseological units with a perfect match of form and context.
- Black frost (phraseme) — qora sovuq.
- To bring oil to fire (idiom) — alangaga yog’ quymoq.
Partial conformities of phraseological units in two languages presuppose lexical, grammatical, and lexicogrammatical variances with identity of meaning and style; they are metaphorically similar but differ in lexical composition, morphologic number, and syntactic arrangement of words order.
1. Partial lexical conformities according to lexical criteria
Bir guruch donasiga arzimaslik, sariq chaqaga ham arzimaslik, 'No worth a bean'
There, the term "bean" means "loviya" in Uzbek; nevertheless, we have modified it to "guruch".
As "rise" — "guruch" is a more commonly used translation, it is appropriate to consider the social life and traditional foods of the Uzbek nation when performing this translation.
To get out of bed on the wrong feet (idiom) — chap yoni bilan turmoq.
2. Partial adherence to the rules of grammatical organisation.
A difference in the number of morphological arrangements.
To fish in troubled water (idiom) — loyqa suvda baliq tushmoq.
To agree like cats and dogs (idiom) — it — mushukday yashamoq.
Different as to syntactical arrangement.
Strike while the iron is hot — Temirni qiziganda bos.
All is not gold that glitters — Barcha yaltiragan narsalar oltin emas.
3. Lack of conformity.
Many Russian and Uzbek phraseological units (based) do not have any Uzbek or Russian phraseological conformities. First off, this is in reference to phraseological units built on regalia.
The following translation techniques should be used when translating units of this type.
- a verbatim word for translation;
- translation by analogy;
- descriptive translation.
Functionally and semantically in discrete, what are known as phraseological units, units. Speech does not allow for the free creation of phraseological units; instead, they are replicated as pre-made units. Phraseological units contain lexical components that are stable and unmotivated, or have meanings independent of the word group.
E.g. red tape, to get rid of, to take place, to lead the dance, to take care.
According to A. V. Koonin, phraseology should be regarded as a separate branch of linguistics and not as a subfield of lexicology.